Kristin Kramer woke up early on a Tuesday morning 10 years ago because one of her dogs needed to go out. Then, a couple of odd things happened.
When she tried to call her other dog, 鈥淚 couldn鈥檛 speak,鈥 she said. As she walked downstairs to let them into the yard, 鈥淚 noticed that my right hand wasn鈥檛 working.鈥
But she went back to bed, 鈥渨hich was totally stupid,鈥 said Kramer, now 54, an office manager in Muncie, Indiana. 鈥淚t didn鈥檛 register that something major was happening,鈥 especially because, reawakening an hour later, 鈥淚 was perfectly fine.鈥
So she 鈥渏ust kind of blew it off鈥 and went to work.
It鈥檚 a common response to the neurological symptoms that signal a TIA, a transient ischemic attack or ministroke. At least experience one each year, with the incidence .
Because the symptoms disappear quickly, usually within minutes, people don鈥檛 seek immediate treatment, putting them at high risk for a bigger stroke.
Kramer felt some arm tingling over the next couple of days and saw her doctor, who found nothing alarming on a CT scan. But then she started 鈥渏umbling鈥 her words and finally had a relative drive her to an emergency room.
By then, she could not sign her name. After an MRI, she recalled, 鈥渕y doctor came in and said, 鈥榊ou鈥檝e had a small stroke.鈥欌
Did those early-morning aberrations constitute a TIA? Might a 911 call and an earlier start on anticlotting drugs have prevented her stroke? 鈥淲e don鈥檛 know,鈥 Kramer said. She鈥檚 doing well now, but faced with such symptoms again, 鈥淚 would seek medical attention.鈥
Now, a large epidemiological study by researchers at the University of Alabama-Birmingham and the University of Cincinnati, published in JAMA Neurology, points to another : Over five years, study participants鈥 performance on cognitive tests after a TIA drops as steeply as it does among victims of a full-on stroke.
鈥淚f you have one stroke or one TIA, with no other event over time and no other change in your medical status, the rate of cognitive decline is the same,鈥 said Victor Del Bene, a neuropsychologist and lead author of the study.
An by Eric Smith, a neurologist at the University of Calgary, was pointedly headlined 鈥淭ransient Ischemic Attack 鈥 Not So Transient After All!鈥
The study showed that even if the symptoms resolve 鈥 typically within 15 minutes to an hour 鈥 TIAs set people on a different cognitive slope later in life, Smith said in an interview: 鈥渁 long-lasting change in people鈥檚 cognitive ability, possibly leading to dementia.鈥
The study, analyzing findings from data on more than 30,000 participants, followed three groups of adults age 45 or older with no history of stroke or TIA. 鈥淚t鈥檚 been a hard group to study because you lack the baseline data of how they were functioning prior to the TIA or stroke,鈥 Del Bene said.
With this longitudinal study, however, researchers could separate those who went on to have a TIA from a group who went on to suffer a stroke and also from an asymptomatic control group. The team adjusted their findings for a host of demographic variables and health conditions.
Immediately after a TIA, 鈥渨e don鈥檛 see an abrupt change in cognition,鈥 as measured by cognitive tests administered every other year, Del Bene said. The stroke group showed a steep decline, but the TIA and control group participants 鈥渨ere more or less neck and neck.鈥
Five years later, the picture was different. People who had experienced TIAs were cognitively better off than those who had suffered strokes. But both groups were experiencing cognitive decline, and at equally steep rates.
After accounting for various possible causes, the researchers concluded that the cognitive drop reflected not demographic factors, chronic illnesses, or normal aging, but the TIA itself.
鈥淚t鈥檚 not dementia,鈥 Del Bene said of the decline after a TIA. 鈥淚t may not even be mild cognitive impairment. But it鈥檚 an altered trajectory.鈥
Of course, most older adults do have other illnesses and risk factors, like heart disease, diabetes, or smoking. 鈥淭hese things together work synergistically to increase the risk for cognitive decline and dementia over time,鈥 he said.
The findings reinforce long-standing concerns that people experiencing TIAs don鈥檛 respond quickly enough to the incident. 鈥淭hese events are serious, acute, and dangerous,鈥 said Claiborne Johnston, a neurologist and chief medical officer of Harbor Health in Austin, Texas.
After a TIA, neurologists put the risk of a subsequent stroke within 90 days at 5% to 20%, with half that risk occurring in the first 48 hours.
鈥淔eeling back to normal doesn鈥檛 mean you can ignore this, or delay and discuss it with your primary care doctor at your next visit,鈥 Johnston said. The symptoms should prompt a 911 call and an emergency room evaluation.
How to recognize a TIA? Tracy Madsen, an epidemiologist and emergency medicine specialist at the University of Vermont, promotes the BE FAST acronym: balance loss, eyesight changes, facial drooping, arm weakness, speech problems. The 鈥淭鈥 is for time, as in don鈥檛 waste any.
鈥淲e know a lot more about how to prevent a stroke, as long as people get to a hospital,鈥 said Madsen, vice chair of an American Heart Association committee that, in 2023, for TIAs.
The statement called for more comprehensive and aggressive testing and treatment, including imaging, risk assessment, anticlotting and other drugs, and counseling about lifestyle changes that reduce stroke risk.
Unlike other urgent conditions, a TIA may not look dramatic or even be visible; patients themselves have to figure out how to respond.
Karen Howze, 74, a retired lawyer and journalist in Reno, Nevada, didn鈥檛 realize that she鈥檇 had several TIAs until after a doctor noticed weakness on her right side and ordered an MRI. Years later, she still notices some effect on 鈥渕y ability to recall words.鈥
Perhaps 鈥渢ransient ischemic attack鈥 is too reassuring a label, Johnston and a co-author argued in in JAMA. They suggested that giving a TIA a scarier name, like 鈥渕inor ischemic stroke,鈥 would more likely prompt a 911 call.
The experts interviewed for this column all endorsed the idea of a name that includes the word 鈥渟troke.鈥
Changing medical practice is 鈥渇rustratingly slow,鈥 Johnston acknowledged. But whatever the nomenclature, keeping BE FAST in mind could lead to more examples like Wanda Mercer, who shared her experience in .
In 2018, she donated at the bloodmobile outside her office in Austin, where she was a systems administrator for the University of Texas, then walked two blocks to a restaurant for lunch. 鈥淲aiting in line, I remember feeling a little lightheaded,鈥 she said. 鈥淚 woke up on the floor.鈥
Reviving, she assured the worried restaurant manager that she had merely fainted after giving blood. But the manager had already called an ambulance 鈥 this was smart move No. 1.
The ER doctors ran tests, saw no problems, gave Mercer intravenous fluids, and discharged her. 鈥淚 began to tell my colleagues, 鈥楪uess what happened to me at lunch!鈥欌 she recalled. But, she said, she had lost her words: 鈥淚 couldn鈥檛 articulate what I wanted to say.鈥
Smart move No. 2: Co-workers, , called the EMTs for the second time. 鈥淚 was reluctant to go,鈥 Mercer said. 鈥淏ut they were right.鈥 This time, emergency room doctors diagnosed a minor stroke.
Mercer has had no recurrences. She takes a statin and a baby aspirin daily and sees her primary care doctor annually. Otherwise, at 73, she has retired to an active life of travel, pickleball, running, weightlifting, and book groups.
鈥淚鈥檓 very grateful,鈥 she said, 鈥渢hat I have a happy story to tell.鈥
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